Obesity is a growing health concern in Malaysia. Factors such as urbanization, lifestyle changes, and increased income levels have contributed to a rise in non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, and certain cancers.
Obesity is a complex medical condition that goes beyond body weight. It increases the risk of serious health complications, making early intervention and management crucial.
Understanding Body Mass Index (BMI)
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a commonly used guideline to classify individuals as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight (kg) by the square of their height (m²).
Body Mass Index (BMI) Categories
- ≤18.5 – Underweight
- 18.5 – 24.99 – Normal
- ≥25 – Overweight
- ≥30 – Obese
- ≥40 – Morbidly obese
What Causes Obesity?
Obesity is not just about overeating or lack of exercise. Several factors contribute to weight gain, including:
- Genetics: Some individuals have a genetic predisposition to storing fat.
- Hormonal Imbalances: Conditions like hypothyroidism and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can affect weight management.
- Metabolic Factors: A slower metabolism can lead to weight gain even with controlled calorie intake.
- Lifestyle Choices: Sedentary habits, excessive consumption of processed foods, and high-stress levels contribute to obesity.
- Medications: Certain medications, such as antidepressants and steroids, may cause weight gain as a side effect.
Health Risks Associated with Obesity
Obesity increases the risk of developing serious health conditions, including:
- Type 2 Diabetes: Excess weight can lead to insulin resistance, increasing blood sugar levels.
- Cardiovascular Diseases: High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and increased risk of stroke are common in obese individuals.
- Joint Problems: Extra weight puts pressure on joints, leading to osteoarthritis.
- Sleep Apnoea: Fat deposits around the neck can obstruct breathing during sleep.
- Mental Health Issues: Obesity can contribute to depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem due to societal stigma.
Obesity Management: More Than Just Dieting
Managing obesity requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle modifications, medical interventions, and, in some cases, surgical procedures.
1. Nutrition and Diet Modifications
A well-balanced diet plays a crucial role in weight management. This includes consuming whole, nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains while reducing processed and sugary foods. Practicing portion control and mindful eating can help prevent overeating.
2. Physical Activity
Regular exercise is essential for maintaining a healthy weight. A combination of cardiovascular workouts (such as walking, running, and swimming) and strength training helps boost metabolism and burn fat.
3. Behavioral Therapy
Understanding emotional eating triggers and developing healthier coping mechanisms can be beneficial. Seeking professional support, such as counseling or support groups, can improve weight management success.
4. Medical and Surgical Interventions
For individuals struggling with severe obesity, medical treatments such as weight-loss medications or bariatric surgery may be considered. These interventions are not “quick fixes” but tools to support long-term weight loss alongside lifestyle changes.
Bariatric surgery is an effective solution for individuals facing severe obesity and related health conditions. Compared to lifestyle modifications alone, it has been shown to provide significant and long-term weight loss while reducing obesity-related diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and sleep apnoea. By addressing the root causes of obesity, bariatric surgery contributes to better overall health and improved quality of life.
When to Seek Medical Help?
If weight loss efforts have been unsuccessful despite lifestyle changes, consulting a healthcare professional is advisable. A doctor can assess overall health, identify underlying causes of weight gain, and recommend appropriate treatment options tailored to individual needs.
Obesity is a complex condition that requires a holistic approach to management. There is no “one-size-fits-all” solution, and sustainable weight loss takes time, commitment, and support. By understanding the risks and making informed choices, individuals can take control of their health and work toward a better quality of life.
